Extrinsic determinants of retinal ganglion cell structure in the cat.

The degree to which a retinal ganglion cell's environment can affect its morphological development was studied by manipulating the distribution of ganglion cells in the developing cat retina. In the newborn kitten there is an exuberant ganglion cell projection from temporal retina to the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) (Leventhal et al., 1988) and from nasal retina to the ipsilateral LGNd. Neonatal, unilateral optic tract section results in the survival of many of these ganglion cells (Leventhal et al., 1988). The morphology of ganglion cells which survive in regions of massively reduced ganglion cell density was studied. As reported previously (Linden and Perry, 1982; Perry and Linden, 1982; Ault et al., 1985; Eysel et al., 1985), we found that the dendritic fields of all types of ganglion cells on the border of an area depleted of ganglion cells extended into the depleted area. The cell bodies and dendritic fields of alpha and beta cells within depopulated areas, as well as on the borders of the depopulated areas, were larger than normal. The dendritic fields of these cells also exhibited abnormal branching patterns. For alpha and beta cell types the relative increase in size tended to be greatest where the relative change in density was the greatest. In fact, isolated beta cells within the cell-poor area centralis region resembled normal central alpha cells in the cell-rich region of the area centralis in the same retina. Interestingly, in the same regions of reduced density where alpha and beta cells were dramatically larger than normal, the cell body and dendritic field sizes of other cell types (epsilon, g1 and g2 were unchanged. These results indicate that neuronal interactions during development contribute to the morphological differentiation of retinal ganglion cells and that different mechanisms mediate the morphological development of different classes of cells in cat retina.